Suchergebnisse

The system of cereal grain production in Ethiopia has been stratified into private, cooperative and state farms since the 1975 land reform. The private farms are being gradually replaced by the cooperative farms while the state farms are receiving increased technical and budgetary assistance by the Ethiopian government. lt is, however, not clear if these policies are consistent with the technical characteristics of these three modes of production. This study, therefore, evaluated technical efficiency, impacts of known and latent input factors, and returns to scale parameters for each farm type. Sample data were collected from Ethiopia on five cereal crops, namely, barley, com, sorghum, teff and wheat and several input factors, including labor, land, oxen, traditional farm implements, tractors, machinery services, modern yield·increasing inputs, livestock, education and rainfall over 77 awrajjas for the 1980-1986 production period. A covariance regression model was applied with these data to determine an appropriate functional form between the Cobb-Douglas and translog production functions. The Translog functional form was selected for the analysis on the basis of statistical tests. Results of the analysis suggest that the producer cooperatives collectively appear to have a potential to generate increased gross income per hectare at a declining rate with respect to an equiproportionate increase in all inputs, except land, upon an increasing average cost of production per unit of cereal output. The private and state farms appear to be operating with a close to fixed proportions type of production technology with a constant average cost of production per unit of cereal output per hectare. Moreover, the range of substitutability between input factors tends towards a complementary relationship as the institutional transformations and management techniques of the cereal producing farms shift from the traditional to a more advanced and centrally managed state mode of production. Partial income elasticity parameters suggest that (a) the private sectors gross income per hectare is most responsive to traditional hand tools, fertilizer, labor, human capital at primary level of education, and rain in August and September; (b) the cooperative sectors gross income per hectare is most responsive to the use of tractors and September rain; whereas (c) gross income per hectare of the state farms is most responsive to the use of traditional labor, machinery services and rain in June and August. Thus, Ethiopias agricultural income production per hectare is likely to be revitalized by: (a) qualitative changes in the traditional inputs, water management, and introduction of modem technical inputs such as fertilizer and farmer education in the private sector; (b) increased traditional labor employment, improved management of water, machinery and modem yield-increasing inputs on the state farms; and (c) a better usage of tractors and collaborative input factors, improved water management, and a substantial increase in capital investment to achieve full employment of the seemingly redundant labor and oxen input factors on the cooperative farms. It seems unlikely that the producer cooperatives will achieve the goal of maximum cereal output per hectare with the most prevalent composition of the redundant traditional input factors which contribute insignificantly at the margin without a major change in the current production techniques and structural policies of the sector. ; Ph. D.

This roadmap is developed based on a context analysis of Ethiopian agriculture. The roadmap aims to strengthen the role of the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) in addressing vulnerabilities facing the agriculture sector under changing climatic conditions by institutionalizing climate-smart agriculture. The roadmap is largely informed by the overarching country Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) strategy; review of scientific literature; sectoral documents on Ethiopian agriculture and climate-smart agriculture; and related reports from government, development partners, scientific publications, expert comments on the draft and inputs obtained from several senior experts on two presentations made during climate-smart agriculture platform meetings conducted in May and November 2019.

Economic development transforms an economy from one that is largely agricultural to one that is largely manufacturing and services. Since agriculture currently dominates Ethiopia's economy and employment, however, there is an issue as to what its role should be in getting from here to there. In the normal process of economic growth, non-agricultural sectors grow more rapidly than the agricultural sector. The slower growth of agriculture, its relative decline, concern about the difficulty of modernizing agriculture and pessimism about the potentials for technological change in agriculture suggest to some that agriculture should not be given priority for scarce resources in the interests of rapid overall growth. There is substantial evidence, however, that raising agricultural productivity is possible and that agricultural growth plays a key role in economic growth, particularly in low income countries. Moreover, the Government of Ethiopia is committed to rapid growth of agriculture as a means of accelerating the economic transformation and reducing poverty. This paper examines the implications of this commitment to both growth and reduction in poverty, analyzes the progress underway, and diagnoses the critical elements of change in policy required to reach the objectives. Combining a review of experiences of other developing countries with an analysis of growth multipliers for Ethiopia, the paper argues that a high rate of agricultural growth has far-reaching positive implications for increasing employment and accelerating poverty reduction. High agricultural growth also helps avoid the creation of megacities with large slum populations. In order to achieve this rapid agricultural growth with positive economy-wide linkages, however, it is necessary to engage �middle farmers�, large enough to adopt new technologies and produce significant marketed surpluses, but small and numerous enough to have spending patterns that drive a vibrant rural non-farm sector. Finally, public and private investments in road, electricity and telecommunications are also needed to reduce marketing costs and enable growth in rural market towns and secondary cities, and provide social services to rural people. Maintaining a growth rate in agricultural GDP of six percent would provide enough employment growth to contribute to rapid economic transformation of the economy and rapid decline in poverty. Given the low level of crop yields relative to those of other countries with comparable resources, and relative to best farmers and experiment stations, a high rate of growth in agricultural productivity appears to be feasible. Current government policies are generally consistent with attaining continued high agricultural growth rates. However, reforms are needed to accelerate growth in seed production and distribution, and to improve fertilizer distribution and to accelerate growth in fertilizer use. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI2; GRP32; ESSP ; DSGD

An examination of the nature & consequences of agrarian change in Ethiopia since the revolution of 1974. It is argued that while the reforms implemented since 1975 have effectively destroyed the age-old feudal framework of agriculture, they have not yet created a coherent new framework. Even though the government's proclaimed objective is to develop a cooperative framework, not much progress in that direction has so far been made. In fact, state policies in the past few years were dictated by the need to cope with short-term problems arising from a decline in production & marketed surplus of food in the immediate aftermath of the reforms. The analysis shows that the basic problem of peasant agriculture is that it currently produces only a meager economic surplus. At this stage, therefore, agricultural growth is to be achieved primarily through the promotion of labor investment & cooperativization. This view suggests state policies that are quite different from those pursued in the past few years. 11 Tables, 17 References. HA

This book explores the role of agriculture in long-term economic growth. With a particular focus on Ethiopia, the role of the state in igniting agricultural growth and in sustaining economic growth is highlighted as essential for low-income countries. Taking ideas from both economic history and development economics, the ability of Ethiopia and the rest of Africa to sustain recent rapid growth into something that can tackle the development agenda is discussed, alongside policy suggestions. This book overall presents an optimistic account of Africa and its economic prospects. It will be relevant to students and researchers interested in economic development and agricultural economics. This is an open access book.

CIAT has worked in Ethiopia for 30 years, in collaboration with the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) and regional agricultural research centers. Initially focused on bean variety development − getting improved, better beans to communities, improving their nutrition and incomes − our work has broadened to include soil fertility management, sustainable land management, climate change and climate information services. Ethiopia has one of the most diverse agro-ecological zones in Africa, with an ambitious restoration plan and climate-resilient, green economy strategy. Together with national research institutions, farmer organizations, and the private sector, our approach has focused on mainstreaming research into the country's development and research priorities, contributing to major Ethiopian development agendas such as the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP2), Sustainable Land Management Program (SLMP2), and Climate-Resilient Green Economy (CRGE). Aligning with the government's Sustainable Land Management initiative, we support climate-resilient landscapes in partnership with local communities. Our cutting-edge science helps policymakers, the private sector, scientists, civil society, and farmers respond to the pressing challenges of our time. Drawing on international expertise and the world's largest collections of beans and livestock forages, we tackle poverty, food insecurity, malnutrition, climate change, and environmental degradation. We support and complement government efforts to create 'climate resilient landscapes,' developing and piloting frameworks, tools, options and evidence generation of restoration efforts across the country. We contribute to the agricultural transformation agenda of the country through improving agronomic and management practices, contributing to fertilizer recommendation efforts and leading the effort to build "digital agriculture" through Big Data analytics.

Reforms of peasant agriculture and agricultural production, particularly food supply. Pros and cons in the reforms implemented since 1975.

Part I -- 1 Introduction -- Aim and Contribution -- Case Study Approach -- References -- 2 The Role of Agriculture in Economic Development -- Agriculture for Development -- Agricultural Development -- References -- 3 The Role of the State in Agricultural Development -- Agricultural Policies -- Public Spending on Economic and Agricultural Development -- References -- 4 Sustained Growth and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa -- References -- Part II -- 5 Case Study Context: Ethiopia -- Economic Context -- Political Context -- Policy Context -- Agricultural Context -- Agricultural and Economic Growth in the Twenty-First Century -- References -- Part III -- 6 Methodology -- Data -- Method -- References -- 7 SIO Multiplier Analysis -- Discussion of Results -- References -- 8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Index.

The perception of Ethiopia projected in the media is often one of chronic poverty and hunger, but this bleak assessment does not accurately reflect most of the country today. Ethiopia encompasses a wide variety of agroecologies and peoples. Its agriculture sector, economy, and food security status are equally complex. In fact, since 2001 the per capita income in certain rural areas has risen by more than 50 percent, and crop yields and availability have also increased. Higher investments in roads and mobile phone technology have led to improved infrastructure and thereby greater access to markets, commodities, services, and information. In Food and Agriculture in Ethiopia: Progress and Policy Challenges, Paul Dorosh and Shahidur Rashid, along with other experts, tell the story of Ethiopia's political, economic, and agricultural transformation. The book is designed to provide empirical evidence to shed light on the complexities of agricultural and food policy in today's Ethiopia, highlight major policies and interventions of the past decade, and provide insights into building resilience to natural disasters and food crises. It examines the key issues, constraints, and opportunities that are likely to shape a food-secure future in Ethiopia, focusing on land quality, crop production, adoption of high-quality seed and fertilizer, and household income. ; PR ; IFPRI2; GRP27; Theme 3; Subtheme 3.2; ESSP ; DSGD; MTID

This article seeks to examine the nature and consequences of agrarian change in Ethiopia since the revolution of 1974. It argues that while the reforms implemented since 1975 have effectively destroyed the age-old feudal framework of agriculture, they have not yet created a coherent new framework. The analysis shows that the basic problem of peasent agriculture is that it currently produces only a meagre economic surplus. At this stage, agricultural growth is to be achieved primarily through the promotion of labour-investment. (DSE)